Raporty naukowe i dane badawcze (WNS)
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- ItemThe development of the Helping by Clicking Types Questionnaire (HCTQ) – study 2(2025) Błachnio, Agata; Przepiórka, Aneta; Kot, Paweł; Cudo, Andrzej; Sobol, MałgorzataThe study 2 was conducted to verify the previous results and to test the usefulness of the questionnaire in distinguishing individuals with different patterns of helping by clicking. The study included sample of n = 1,006 participants took part in the study. The Helping by Clicking Types Questionnaire was used in the study.
- ItemHelping by Clicking Motives Scale Study1(2025) Błachnio, Agata; Przepiórka, Aneta; Kot, Paweł; Cudo, Andrzej; Sobol, MałgorzataA number of aid campaigns can be found on the Internet that often involve only clicking on a “like” icon or button. Helping by clicking can be called a kind of passive helping, defined as helping without making much effort. What seems important in this phenomenon is the motivation behind such help. The main aim of the study was to develop a measure of motivations to engage in helping on the Internet. It included Sample 1 with N = 349 subjects. A list of 38 statements was compiled for further analysis. The latent structure of construct measured by the HCMS was examined separately for the two samples, using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), revealing two factors: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The authors drew on two theories: the motivation to help theory and the cognitive evaluation theory. The validation study yielded a 14-item version of a method that, to the authors’ knowledge, is the world’s first research measure of motives for helping by clicking.
- ItemThe difference between gaming disorder and alcohol use disorder in early maladaptive schemas(2025) Cudo, Andrzej; Mącik, DorotaBackground. The study investigated the relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS), Gaming Disorder (GD), and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Previous studies did not address the possible relationship between AUD and GD, which could lead to an incomplete understanding of the relationship between ESM and these disorders. The current study addressed this research gap by testing the relationship between AUD, GD and ESM. Methods. The study included 1,054 participants (565 females, M = 22.96 years, SD = 2.52) who reported playing video games and consuming alcohol within the past 12 months. Participants completed the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3), Gaming Disorder Test (GDT), and Problem Drinking Scale (PDS). Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) analysis was used to model the relationships between EMS, GD, and AUD while controlling for gender, age, gaming hours, and alcohol consumption frequency. Results. AUD was positively associated with dependence/incompetence, vulnerability to harm or illness, self-punitiveness, and entitlement/grandiosity schemas and negatively related to social isolation/alienation and insufficient self-control/self-discipline schemas. GD was positively related to enmeshment and subjugation schemas and negatively associated with unrelenting standards and pessimism/negativism schemas. Significant differences were found between GD and AUD in their associations with specific EMS, suggesting distinct psychological pathways. Conclusions. The findings highlighted the differential roles of EMSs in AUD and GD. The results suggest that EMS contribute uniquely to addictive behaviours and underscore the importance of considering schema-based interventions. Future research should further explore the mediating role of parenting styles in the development of AUD and GD.
- ItemCorrelates of preference for harmonic schema-based vs. reference-free musical improvisation in professional musicians and music therapy clients(2025) Masiak, ElżbietaThe purpose of the study was to analyze preferences for different types of musical improvisation: improvisation based on a pre-composed schema or structure (i.e., harmonic progressions, melodic/rhythmic motifs, or other non-musical patterns) and free improvisation (defined as spontaneous playing without any prior assumptions or patterns to lean on). Additionally, the study examined the sociocultural, motivational, and meaning-related correlates of these preferences, as well as their connection to individual identity and self-perception among contemporary improvising musicians from diverse international socioprofessional backgrounds. The study was conducted through an online survey consisting of both closed and open-ended questions. It included 38 improvising musicians from 11 nationalities. The findings suggest that most participants value both types of improvisation equally or display a degree of ambivalence, while a distinct preference for either schema-based or free improvisation is less common. Notably, those with strong preferences for one approach over the other differ in their conceptualization and interpretation of improvisation.
- ItemProfiles of Relationships With Symbols of the Cross and the Bible. Comparative Study with the Semantic Differential and Principal Component Analysis(2024) Tatala, Małgorzata; Wojtasiński, MarcinThe aim of the study was to explore the relationship between individuals and religious symbols, focusing in particular on the symbols of the Christian cross and the Bible. The study was conducted with Catholic young people (N = 239) aged between 12 and 24. The research was conducted in 2023 and 2024. To determine the meaning attributed to religious symbols, the standard version of the semantic differential method by Osgood (1964) was used. The selection of participants for the study was a targeted selection. The paper and pencil method was used in the study. Respondents marked their answers on a response sheet. The method enables precise and objective measurement of emotions, attitudes and perceptions associated with symbol.