Raporty naukowe i dane badawcze (WNSiT)
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12153/137
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listelement.badge.dso-type Item , Interpersonal skills, moral intelligence versus readiness to engage in interreligious dialogue – Poland(2025) Dacka, Monika; Peciakowski, Tomasz; Filipiak, SaraThe aim of the analysis was to determine the relationship between interpersonal skills, moral intelligence and the readiness to engage in interreligious dialogue among adults in Poland. A total of 519 people aged between 18 and 75 were surveyed. The study used the Scale of Readiness to Engage in Interreligious Dialogue (TGDMVE) (Rydz, Bartczuk, 2025), the Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire (ICQ-R) (Buhrmester, et al., 1988, adapted into Polish by Klinkosz et al., 2017) and the Moral Intelligence Quotient (IIM) (Code of Ethics Lennick & Kiel, 2005; adapted into Polish by Noworol, 2021)listelement.badge.dso-type Item , Technostressors and work–life balance(2025-03-06) Kot, PawełThe dataset contains data from a study examining the relationships between technostress, work–life balance, and job satisfaction. The research aimed to analyze the impact of technostressors on work–life balance and work–life conflict, as well as to test the potential mediating role of technostress inhibitors and job satisfaction. The sample consisted of 533 employees (50.1% women) aged 18–65 years (M = 39.74, SD = 14.25), all of whom reported daily use of information and communication technologies (ICT) at work. Data were collected using three instruments: the Technostress Creators and Technostress Inhibitors Scale, the Work–Family Adjustment Questionnaire, and the Job Satisfaction Scale. The dataset includes raw and processed scores for each scale, along with demographic variables.listelement.badge.dso-type Item , DATA - riverside green areas measurement - Bialystok, Lublin, Rzeszow(2022) Kamiński, Jan; Głowienka, Ewa; Kołtun, Aleksandra; Poręba, LudwikaThe data presents the results of riverside area measurements in the three largest cities in eastern Poland: Białystok, Lublin, and Rzeszów. The data include: - general numerical information about riverside areas, such as area, amenities, vegetation condition, etc. - numerical data with the division of areas into sections - data from using measurements collected in the field The data include the following user characteristics: - number - type of activity - mode of movement - estimated age - gender In each city, riverside areas have been designated. Each riverside area was divided into sections. General data was collected for all sections. Data on using in motion is provided for sections of the riverside route. Data on stationary use is provided for areas of stationary activity. Using in motion data are presented in the form of intensity, i.e., the number of people traveling at a given point in both directions per hour. Data on stationary use are provided in raw form. ----------------- Dane przedstawiają wyniki pomiarów terenów nadrzecznych trzech największych miast wschodniej Polski: Białystok, Lublin i Rzeszów. Dane zawierają: - ogólne informacje liczbowe o terenach nadrzecznych takie jak powierzchnia, wyposażenie, stan roślinności itp. - dane liczbowe z podziałem terenów na sekcje - dane z pomiarów użytkowania terenów zebrane w terenie, Dane obejmują następujące cechy użytkowników: - liczbę - rodzaj aktywności - sposób poruszania się - szacunkowy wiek - płeć Każdy z terenów nadrzecznych został podzielony na sekcje. Dane ogólne zostały zebrane dla wszystkich sekcji. Dane dotyczące użytkowania w ruchu podano dla odcinków trasy nadrzecznej a dane z użytkowania stacjonarnego dla obszarów aktywności stacjonarnych. Dane użytkowania w ruchu przedstawiono w formie intensywności, tj. liczby osób przemieszczających się w danym punkcie w obu kierunkach przez godzinę. Dane dotyczące użytkowania stacjonarnego podano w formie surowej.listelement.badge.dso-type Item , Development and Validation of the Reliance on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Scale (RAIM)(2025-10-10) Talik, Wiesław; Adamczyk, Grzegorz; Sierosławska, Anna; Zdanikowski, PawełThis article presents the development and validation of the RAIM (Reliance on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine) scale, designed to assess individuals’ reliance on AI in healthcare. The construct was defined as a functional and epistemic reliance on AI systems, distinct from interpersonal trust, which presupposes moral agency and normative obligations. Based on expert-generated content, 60 initial items were evaluated for content validity, yielding 30 items retained using Lawshe’s CVR method. Four studies were conducted on statistically representative samples of Polish adults. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed a two-factor structure (the technological dimension and the social-holistic dimension of reliance on artificial intelligence in medicine). The final 15-item scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (α = .963 / .833) and high test–retest reliability, both immediately (r = .956 / .925) and after two weeks (r = .912 / .832). Convergent validity with the AI Attitudes Scale (AIAS-4) was also confirmed (r = .714 / -.657). The RAIM is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing person’s reliance on AI in medical contexts.listelement.badge.dso-type Item , Predictors of risky loot box use(2025) Lelonek-Kuleta, Bernadeta; Cudo, Andrzej; Bartczuk, RafałLoot boxes, which offer randomized content in exchange for in-game currency or real money, have been associated with problematic behaviors in gaming. This study aimed to identify factors associated with risky loot box use (RLBU) among 1358 Polish gamers. Participants completed measures on RLBU, gaming disorder symptoms, problem gambling, gaming motivation, and perceived stress. The results showed that RLBU was positively associated with the frequency of loot box use, spending money, and symptoms of gaming and gambling disorders. Risky loot box users reported higher perceived stress, viewed loot boxes as rewarding, and were motivated by achievement and escapism. Notably, females had higher RLBU scores than males, and younger female gamers displayed higher RLBU levels. These findings suggest that excessive loot box use may share mechanisms with other behavioral addictions and may serve as a coping strategy for stress.listelement.badge.dso-type Item , Badania jakości i zmienności w cyklu rocznym odpadów z czyszczenia ulic i chodników w celu wyznaczenia potencjalnych możliwości nowego sposobu ich zagospodarowania zgodnego z koncepcją circural economy(2025-09-02) Gronba-Chyła, AnnaFrakcja odpadów komunalnych poniżej 10 mm, do której należą odpady z czyszczenia ulic i chodników jest jedyną frakcją, dla której brak innych metod zagospodarowania niż składowanie. Składowanie jest najbardziej niekorzystną formą zagospodarowania odpadów. Obecnie dąży się do całkowitego odejścia od tej formy zagospodarowania. W związku z tym trzeba poszukiwać nowych metod zgodnych z koncepcją circural economy. Przed podjęciem decyzji o możliwości wykorzystania danego odpadu do produkcji nowych materiałów budowlanych potrzebne jest dokładne przebadanie komponentów. Stąd też przeprowadzono wybrane badania odpadów o kodzie 200303. Odpady, które w swoim składzie zawierają dużą ilość tlenków krzemu i glinu będą nadawały się, jako komponent do produkcji materiałów budowlanych. Stąd też zbadano skład tlenkowy tych odpadów. Badanie wielkości cząstek pozwoliło na określenie szkodliwości odpadu poprzez możliwość tworzenia zapylenia nawet PM 1. Badanie mikroplastików i WWA przenoszonych na mikrocząstkach odpadu pozwoli na rozeznanie poszerzonego stopnia szkodliwości odpadu. Badanie na obecność PFAS dostarcza informacji również o rozpowszechnieniu bądź o braku rozpowszechnienia „wiecznych chemikaliów”. Zbadanie wartości opałowej sezonowo pozwoli na dokładne sprawdzenie tej kwestii, oraz poszerzy wiedzę na temat częściowego ich zagospodarowania do odzysku energii.listelement.badge.dso-type Item , The influence of facial attractiveness on empathy: a systematic review(2025) Kopiś-Posiej, Natalia; Cudo, AndrzejData for this review were conducted according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines (Page et al., 2021). Six databases were searched: Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, APA PsycINFO, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, and Medline Ultimate. Case reports, editorials, opinion pieces, meta-analyses, and review articles were excluded. The search terms used were "empathy," "face," and "attractiveness." The article included criteria for adults (aged 18 years and older) and was published in English. Dane do niniejszego przeglądu zebrano zgodnie z wytycznymi PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) (Page i in., 2021). Przeszukano sześć baz danych: Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, APA PsycINFO, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses oraz Medline Ultimate. Wykluczono opisy przypadków, artykuły redakcyjne, artykuły opiniotwórcze, metaanalizy i artykuły przeglądowe. Użyte hasła to „empatia”, „twarz” i „atrakcyjność”. Artykuły zawierały kryteria dla osób dorosłych (w wieku 18 lat i starszych) i zostały opublikowane w języku angielskim. Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., ... & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372:n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71listelement.badge.dso-type Item , Study about predictors of risky loot box use(2025) Cudo, AndrzejThis study examined the psychological factors related to risky loot box use (RLBU) among 433 Polish gamers. Results showed that RLBU was associated with frequent loot box use, real-money purchases, flow, immersion, gaming craving, and gaming disorder (GD) symptoms. RLBU was negatively associated with self-control, particularly in goal maintenance. Computer gaming was more associated with RLBU than mobile gaming, though this link weakened when psychological factors were considered. The findings suggest that immersive gaming experiences, low self-control, and monetary involvement increase RLBU risk. Prevention strategies should focus on self-control, gaming craving, and cognitive biases related to loot boxes.listelement.badge.dso-type Item , Social competence and preference for online social interactions as mediators between temperament and compulsive internet use. DATA(2025-07-06) Dudziak, ArkadiuszCaplan’s model of problematic Internet use suggests that social skills influence preferences for online interaction, which in turn contributes to compulsive Internet use. According to the I-PACE model and other studies, temperamental factors play a significant role in the development of compulsive online behaviors. Moreover, temperament—specifically stimulation processing capabilities—determines the tendency to engage in social training, suggesting more complex relationships between biological and psychosocial factors in the development of specific aspects of problematic Internet use. The study aimed to examine whether stimulation processing capabilities (SPC) influence compulsive Internet use (CIU), with social exposure competence (SE) and preference for online interaction (POSI) serving as mediators. The study included 462 university students who completed questionnaires measuring social competence (SCQ), temperament (FCB-TI(R)), and problematic Internet use (GPIUS-2). The collected data were subjected to correlation analysis, as well as simple and serial mediation analyses. The findings indicate that the SPC factor emerged as the strongest predictor of CIU. Serial mediation analyses revealed a statistically significant, but very small indirect effect of SE and POSI in the relationship between SPC and CIU. Additionally, a suppression effect emerged, whereby the relationship between SPC and POSI became significant only after accounting for SE. Despite the mediating effect, temperament is important in the development of compulsive Internet use and may contribute to the development of a preference for online interaction. These findings highlight the relevance of temperamental traits in prevention and intervention strategies for problematic Internet use.listelement.badge.dso-type Item , An ERP investigation of the effect of facial adaptation and facial attractiveness on the neuronal correlates of empathy for pain(2025) Kopiś-Posiej, Natalia; Cudo, Andrzej; Szwed, MagdalenaData come from a sample of 30 young Polish adults (15 women), obtained during a laboratory study. Experimental procedures were conducted in the pain empathy and facial adaptation paradigm. The data include the N2 and P3 ERP components, as well as behavioural assessments of the photographs observed by the participants. Additionally, the data regarding the attractiveness ratings of individual models in the photographs was included. The assessments were performed by 50 people (30 women), all Polish, during the laboratory procedure. The research was conducted in 2023 as part of the research project "Adaptation and Priming as Tools for Modifying the Neural Correlates of Pain Empathy for Attractive Faces. An EEG Study," funded by the National Science Center. Explanation of variables: see the ReadMe.txt file. Dane pochodzą z próby obejmującej 30 młodych dorosłych (15 kobiet) narodowości polskiej, uzyskane podczas badania w warunkach laboratoryjnych. Przeprowadzono procedury eksperymentalne w paradygmacie empatii wobec bólu oraz adaptacji twarzy. Dane dotyczą komponentów ERP N2 oraz P3 jak również oceny behawioralnej obserwowanych przez osoby badane zdjęć. Dodatkowo, zamieszczone zostały dane dotyczące oceny atrakcyjności poszczególnych modeli na zdjęciach. Oceny dokonało 50 osób (30 kobiet), narodowości polskiej, podczas badania w warunkach laboratoryjnych. Badania prowadzono w roku 2023 w ramach projektu naukowego "Adaptacja i Priming jako narzędzia modyfikacji neuronalnych korelatów empatii wobec bólu w odniesieniu do atrakcyjnych twarzy. Badanie EEG" finansowanego przez Narodowe Centrum Nauki. Objaśnienie zmiennych: zobacz plik ReadMe.txtlistelement.badge.dso-type Item , Polish version of the Caffeine Use Disorder Questionnaire(2025) Kwaśniak, Robert; Cudo, Andrzej; Ágoston-Kostyál, CsillaThis study developed a Polish version of the Caffeine Use Disorder Questionnaire (CUDQ) to assess caffeine-related problems in a Polish cultural context. The sample included 853 young adults who had consumed caffeinated beverages in the past year. Confirmatory Factor Analysis confirmed a one-factor structure, and the Polish CUDQ demonstrated good reliability, validity, and partial scalar and strict measurement invariance across gender. These findings support the Polish CUDQ as a valid tool for assessing Caffeine Use Disorder.listelement.badge.dso-type Item , Wywiady dotyczące stosunku mniejszości narodowych do protestów (Litwa)(2023-08) Kuczyńska-Zonik, AleksandraCelem badań było uzyskanie danych na temat postaw Polaków na Litwie wobec protestów podczas ostatnich kryzysów (politycznych, gospodarczych), a tym samym zdiagnozować potencjał protestacyjny wśród mniejszości narodowych w tym państwie. Główne wątki, problemy, pytania poruszane podczas rozmowy to: 1. Jak oceniasz swoją sytuację (społeczną, ekonomiczną) w odniesieniu do większości tytularnej?; 2. Jak oceniasz sytuację w państwie? Z jakich działań rządu byłeś niezadowolony?; 3. Jak często dochodzi do protestów na Litwie? 4. Jaki masz stosunek do protestów organizowanych w czasie pandemii (antyrządowych, antyszczepionkowych) i w kryzysie gospodarczym?; 5. Co skłoniłoby cię do udziału w proteście?; 6. Jakie są twoje oczekiwania co do poprawy własnej sytuacji? Respondenci stwierdzali, że kryzysy (polityczne i gospodarcze), które miały miejsce w ostatnich latach na Litwie oraz ich konsekwencje w postaci decyzji politycznych nie wywołały radykalnych nastrojów wśród mniejszości narodowych, a tym samym nie zmotywowały społeczności do wzięcia udziału w otwartych protestach przeciwko władzom Litwy. Większość przedstawicieli mniejszości zachowała bierność i milczenie, dostosowując się do nowej rzeczywistości. The research aimed to gather data on the attitudes of Poles in Lithuania towards protests during the recent (political, economic) crises. The research aimed to diagnose the protest potential among national minorities in this country. The main themes, issues and questions raised during the interviews were: 1. How would you describe your social and economic situation in relation to the titular majority? 2. How would you describe the current situation in the country? Which government actions have you been dissatisfied with? 3. How often do protests occur in Lithuania? 4. What is your attitude towards protests organised during the pandemic (anti-government or anti-vaccination) and during the economic crisis? 5. What would motivate you to participate in a protest? 6. What are your expectations for improving your own situation? Respondents stated that the social and economic crises that have occurred in Lithuania in recent years, and the political decisions that have resulted from them, have not provoked radical sentiments among national minorities. Therefore, these crises have not motivated communities to participate in open protests against the Lithuanian authorities. Most minority representatives have remained passive and silent, adapting to the new reality.listelement.badge.dso-type Item , Wywiady dotyczące stosunku mniejszości narodowych do protestów (Łotwa)(2023-05) Kuczyńska-Zonik, AleksandraCelem badań było uzyskanie danych na temat postaw mniejszości narodowych (rosyjskojęzycznej i polskiej) na Łotwie wobec protestów podczas ostatnich kryzysów (politycznych, gospodarczych), a tym samym zdiagnozować potencjał protestacyjny wśród mniejszości narodowych w tym państwie. Główne wątki, problemy, pytania poruszane podczas rozmowy to: 1. Jak oceniasz swoją sytuację (społeczną, ekonomiczną) w odniesieniu do większości tytularnej?; 2. Jak oceniasz sytuację w państwie? Z jakich działań rządu byłeś niezadowolony?; 3. Jak często dochodzi do protestów na Łotwie? 4. Jaki masz stosunek do protestów organizowanych w czasie pandemii (antyrządowych, antyszczepionkowych) i w kryzysie gospodarczym?; 5. Co skłoniłoby cię do udziału w proteście?; 6. Jakie są twoje oczekiwania co do poprawy własnej sytuacji? Respondenci stwierdzali, że kryzysy (polityczne i gospodarcze), które miały miejsce w ostatnich latach na Łotwie oraz ich konsekwencje w postaci decyzji politycznych nie wywołały radykalnych nastrojów wśród mniejszości narodowych, a tym samym nie zmotywowały społeczności do wzięcia udziału w otwartych protestach przeciwko władzom Łotwy. Większość przedstawicieli mniejszości zachowała bierność i milczenie, dostosowując się do nowej rzeczywistości. The research aimed to gather data on the attitudes of national minorities (Russian-speaking and Polish) in Latvia towards protests during the recent (political, economic) crises. The research aimed to diagnose the protest potential among national minorities in this country. The main themes, issues and questions raised during the interviews were: 1. How would you describe your social and economic situation in relation to the titular majority? 2. How would you describe the current situation in the country? Which government actions have you been dissatisfied with? 3. How often do protests occur in Latvia? 4. What is your attitude towards protests organised during the pandemic (anti-government or anti-vaccination) and during the economic crisis? 5. What would motivate you to participate in a protest? 6. What are your expectations for improving your own situation? Respondents stated that the social and economic crises that have occurred in Latvia in recent years, and the political decisions that have resulted from them, have not provoked radical sentiments among national minorities. Therefore, these crises have not motivated communities to participate in open protests against the Latvian authorities. Most minority representatives have remained passive and silent, adapting to the new reality.listelement.badge.dso-type Item , Wywiady dotyczące stosunku mniejszości narodowych do protestów (Estonia)(2023-07) Kuczyńska-Zonik, AleksandraCelem badań było uzyskanie danych na temat postaw mniejszości narodowych (rosyjskojęzycznej i polskiej) w Estonii wobec protestów podczas ostatnich kryzysów (politycznych, gospodarczych), a tym samym zdiagnozować potencjał protestacyjny wśród mniejszości narodowych w Estonii. Główne wątki, problemy, pytania poruszane podczas rozmowy to: 1. Jak oceniasz swoją sytuację (społeczną, ekonomiczną) w odniesieniu do większości tytularnej?; 2. Jak oceniasz sytuację w państwie? Z jakich działań rządu byłeś niezadowolony?; 3. Jak często dochodzi do protestów w Estonii? 4. Jaki masz stosunek do protestów organizowanych w czasie pandemii (antyrządowych, antyszczepionkowych) i w kryzysie gospodarczym?; 5. Co skłoniłoby cię do udziału w proteście?; 6. Jakie są twoje oczekiwania co do poprawy własnej sytuacji? Respondenci stwierdzali, że kryzysy (polityczne i gospodarcze), które miały miejsce w ostatnich latach w Estonii oraz ich konsekwencje w postaci decyzji politycznych nie wywołały radykalnych nastrojów wśród mniejszości narodowych, a tym samym nie zmotywowały społeczności do wzięcia udziału w otwartych protestach przeciwko władzom Estonii Większość przedstawicieli mniejszości zachowała bierność i milczenie, dostosowując się do nowej rzeczywistości. The research aimed to gather data on the attitudes of national minorities (Russian-speaking and Polish) in Estonia towards protests during the recent (political, economic) crises. The research aimed to diagnose the protest potential among national minorities in Estonia. The main themes, issues and questions raised during the interviews were: 1. How would you describe your social and economic situation in relation to the titular majority? 2. How would you describe the current situation in the country? Which government actions have you been dissatisfied with? 3. How often do protests occur in Estonia? 4. What is your attitude towards protests organised during the pandemic (anti-government or anti-vaccination) and during the economic crisis? 5. What would motivate you to participate in a protest? 6. What are your expectations for improving your own situation? Respondents stated that the social and economic crises that have occurred in Estonia in recent years, and the political decisions that have resulted from them, have not provoked radical sentiments among national minorities. Therefore, these crises have not motivated communities to participate in open protests against the Estonian authorities. Most minority representatives have remained passive and silent, adapting to the new reality.listelement.badge.dso-type Item , Correlates of Moral Orientations in Contemporary Societies. Case of Poland(2025) Adamczyk, Grzegorz; Szczygielski, DominikUsually, people use different sets of rules that organize their moral behaviour. Social scientists introduced several concepts of moral orientations supporting a better understanding of the underpinnings of moral behaviour, which are the dignity-related, prosocial, reciprocal, and egoistic moral orientations. The study presents the sociological quantitative analysis of prevalence of the moral orientations in Polish society based on a survey carried out in Poland at the end of 2023 on the statistically representative sample of 1,082 adults married or in an informal partnership. Various socio-cultural predictors such as self-identification with religious faith, self-esteem, materialism, and classic demographic features (age, gender) were tested as predictors of the moral orientations. Comparing our findings to the latest available results thought-provoking regularities are discovered – individual features like self-esteem, materialism and religiosity are stronger predictors in the case of the dignity-related and prosocial moral orientations. The full array of tested factors is visible particularly in the case of reciprocal moral orientation, followed by the egoistic one. The article attempts on suggesting a further discussion on the possible future scenarios of morality in modern societies.listelement.badge.dso-type Item , Why post-gaming return to reality matters: the mediating role of gaming disorder symptoms in risky loot box use(2025-07) Strojny, Agnieszka; Cudo, Andrzej; Strojny, Paweł; Tużnik, PrzemysławThis study investigates the indirect relationship between post-gaming return to reality and risky loot box use (RLBU) via gaming disorder symptoms (GD) among active video game players. Drawing on the components model of behavioral addiction and Kruglanski’s theory of goal systems, it explores how difficulty disengaging from gaming - especially when in-game goals remain unmet - may increase engagement with loot boxes (LBs), a gambling-like monetization mechanic. The study hypothesizes that difficulties in returning to reality after gaming are linked to increased RLBU, both directly and indirectly through GD symptoms: salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse. A sample of 924 active Polish video gamers (476 female; M = 27.69, SD = 5.26; age 18–35), all with LB experience, completed the Risky Loot Box Index (RLI), Internet Gaming Disorder Test, and Post-Gaming Return Scale (PGRS), measuring RLBU, GD symptoms, and return to reality after gaming, respectively. Findings showed that the relationship between post-gaming return to reality and RLBU is fully mediated by GD symptoms. However, only three - tolerance, withdrawal, and conflict - showed statistically significant indirect effects. These results support early identification and intervention strategies for at-risk gamers and deepen our understanding of how gaming motivation, addiction, and monetization models intersect.listelement.badge.dso-type Item , The development of the Helping by Clicking Types Questionnaire (HCTQ) – study 2(2025) Błachnio, Agata; Przepiórka, Aneta; Kot, Paweł; Cudo, Andrzej; Sobol, MałgorzataThe study 2 was conducted to verify the previous results and to test the usefulness of the questionnaire in distinguishing individuals with different patterns of helping by clicking. The study included sample of n = 1,006 participants took part in the study. The Helping by Clicking Types Questionnaire was used in the study.listelement.badge.dso-type Item , Helping by Clicking Motives Scale Study1(2025) Błachnio, Agata; Przepiórka, Aneta; Kot, Paweł; Cudo, Andrzej; Sobol, MałgorzataA number of aid campaigns can be found on the Internet that often involve only clicking on a “like” icon or button. Helping by clicking can be called a kind of passive helping, defined as helping without making much effort. What seems important in this phenomenon is the motivation behind such help. The main aim of the study was to develop a measure of motivations to engage in helping on the Internet. It included Sample 1 with N = 349 subjects. A list of 38 statements was compiled for further analysis. The latent structure of construct measured by the HCMS was examined separately for the two samples, using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), revealing two factors: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The authors drew on two theories: the motivation to help theory and the cognitive evaluation theory. The validation study yielded a 14-item version of a method that, to the authors’ knowledge, is the world’s first research measure of motives for helping by clicking.listelement.badge.dso-type Item , The difference between gaming disorder and alcohol use disorder in early maladaptive schemas(2025) Cudo, Andrzej; Mącik, DorotaBackground. The study investigated the relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS), Gaming Disorder (GD), and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Previous studies did not address the possible relationship between AUD and GD, which could lead to an incomplete understanding of the relationship between ESM and these disorders. The current study addressed this research gap by testing the relationship between AUD, GD and ESM. Methods. The study included 1,054 participants (565 females, M = 22.96 years, SD = 2.52) who reported playing video games and consuming alcohol within the past 12 months. Participants completed the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3), Gaming Disorder Test (GDT), and Problem Drinking Scale (PDS). Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) analysis was used to model the relationships between EMS, GD, and AUD while controlling for gender, age, gaming hours, and alcohol consumption frequency. Results. AUD was positively associated with dependence/incompetence, vulnerability to harm or illness, self-punitiveness, and entitlement/grandiosity schemas and negatively related to social isolation/alienation and insufficient self-control/self-discipline schemas. GD was positively related to enmeshment and subjugation schemas and negatively associated with unrelenting standards and pessimism/negativism schemas. Significant differences were found between GD and AUD in their associations with specific EMS, suggesting distinct psychological pathways. Conclusions. The findings highlighted the differential roles of EMSs in AUD and GD. The results suggest that EMS contribute uniquely to addictive behaviours and underscore the importance of considering schema-based interventions. Future research should further explore the mediating role of parenting styles in the development of AUD and GD.listelement.badge.dso-type Item , Correlates of preference for harmonic schema-based vs. reference-free musical improvisation in professional musicians and music therapy clients(2025) Masiak, ElżbietaThe purpose of the study was to analyze preferences for different types of musical improvisation: improvisation based on a pre-composed schema or structure (i.e., harmonic progressions, melodic/rhythmic motifs, or other non-musical patterns) and free improvisation (defined as spontaneous playing without any prior assumptions or patterns to lean on). Additionally, the study examined the sociocultural, motivational, and meaning-related correlates of these preferences, as well as their connection to individual identity and self-perception among contemporary improvising musicians from diverse international socioprofessional backgrounds. The study was conducted through an online survey consisting of both closed and open-ended questions. It included 38 improvising musicians from 11 nationalities. The findings suggest that most participants value both types of improvisation equally or display a degree of ambivalence, while a distinct preference for either schema-based or free improvisation is less common. Notably, those with strong preferences for one approach over the other differ in their conceptualization and interpretation of improvisation.