Browsing by Author "Warda, Elwira"

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    Antoni Gąsiorowski – drukarz i wydawca z Johannisburga w Prusach Wschodnich
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2018) Warda, Elwira
    W XIX wieku w Europie nastąpił gwałtowny rozwój piśmiennictwa. Książki i czasopisma stały się bardziej dostępne i docierały nie tylko do wyższych sfer społeczeństwa, lecz także do ludności mniej zamożnej. Zaczęły powstawać nowe drukarnie, również na terenie Prus, np. w Poznaniu oficyna wydawnicza Walentego Stefańskiego czy w Toruniu drukarnia Ernsta Lambecka. W oficynach tych sztuki drukowania i drzeworytnictwa uczył się Antoni Gąsiorowski. Własną drukarnię założył w Brodnicy w roku 1847, ale już w 1848 roku przeniósł ją na Mazury do Szczytna (Ortelsburg), a rok później do Pisza (Johannisburg). W Szczytnie zaczął drukować dwujęzyczny tygodnik "Kurek Mazurski – Der Masurische Hahn", którego wydawanie kontynuował w Johannisburgu. Oficyna Gąsiorowskiego była jedną z bardziej prężnych drukarni w Prusach Wschodnich, w której powstawało wiele czasopism. Jednak większość z nich kończyła swój żywot na numerze okazowym, np. "Ewangelicki Tygodnik Gminny" czy "Gospodarz Mazurski". Oprócz tygodników Antoni Gąsiorowski wydawał również książki w języku polskim i niemieckim, głównie o tematyce religijnej, podręczniki szkolne oraz kalendarze. W latach 60. XIX wieku spod pras jego drukarni wyszły również pisma tłoczone czcionkami cyrylickimi przeznaczone dla staroobrzędowców. Oficyna Gąsiorowskiego działała w Johannisburgu do roku 1866. Jednak już od roku 1862 większość wydawnictw – włącznie z kalendarzem – zaczęła przejmować od Gąsiorowskiego księgarnia i drukarnia Ernsta Lambecka w Toruniu. Ostatnim z druków polskich – wydanych przez Antoniego Gąsiorowskiego w roku 1865 – była książka B. Schmolkego Bogu poświęcony klejnot złoty dla ludzi Boga Ojca i Ducha Świętego chwalących. In the 19th century, writing underwent a rapid development. Books and magazines were widely available, not only among high society but also among the people who were less wealthy. New printing houses were established, also in Prussia, such as Walenty Stefański’s printing house in Poznań and Ernst Lambeck’s printing house in Toruń. Antoni Gąsiorowski learnt the art of printing and making woodcuts in the above-mentioned places. He set up his own printing house in Brodnica in 1847, but he transferred it to Masuria to Szczytno (Ortelsburg) in 1848, and a year later to Pisz (Johannisburg). In Szczytno he started printing the bilingual weekly "Kurek Mazurski – Der Masurische Hahn", which he continued to publish in Johannisburg. Gąsiorowski’s printing house was one of the most active printing houses in East Prussia, in which a number of magazines were published. However, most of them were discontinued after releasing the first issue, for instance, "Ewangelicki Tygodnik Gminny" or "Gospodarz Mazurski". Apart from weeklies, Antoni Gąsiorowski published Polish and German books, particularly religious ones, course books and calendars. In the 1860s, his printing press also released the texts written in Cyrillic intended for the Old Believers. Gąsiorowski’s printing house operated in Johannisburg until 1866. Nevertheless, from 1862 onwards, most publications – including the calendar – were taken over by the library and printing house of Ernst Lambeck in Toruń. The last Polish print published by Antoni Gąsiorowski was the book by B. Schmolke The Gold Jewel Dedicated to God Intended for People Worshipping God the Father and the Holy Spirit. It was released in 1865.
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    Bractwa szkaplerzne – duchowe wspólnoty wiernych
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2016) Warda, Elwira
    Scapular brotherhoods are religious associations, whose members are obliged to wear a “small” scapular of a specific style and colour, expressing the relationship with the spirituality of the religious order, with which the brotherhood is linked. The origins of scapular brotherhoods date back to the 13th century, and the first ones were established in Florence, Bologna, Venice and other Italian towns. Scapular brotherhoods include: the Brotherhood of the Holy Trinity, the Brotherhood of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, the Brotherhood of Our Lady of Sorrows, the Brotherhood of the Immaculate Conception, the Brotherhood of Our Lady of Good Counsel, the Brotherhood of St. Cross and Bitter Passion of the Lord Jesus, the Brotherhood of Our Lady of Health of the Sick, the Brotherhood of Our Lady of Charity, the Brotherhood of the Precious Blood of Our Lord Jesus Christ, the Brotherhood of St. Benedict and the Brotherhood of St. Michael the Archangel.
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    Dzieje biblioteki Arystotelesa
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2011) Warda, Elwira
    Reading in Hellas developed quite slowly in the first period of the book development. However, more and more people read and possessed books. History reveals that ancient Greeks possessed small book collections. One of them was Aristotle of Stagira who is considered to be the first real book collector. His library held 143 works in 400 books. Before his death, he bequeathed his whole book collection to Teofrast of Eresos. In the course of time the library “changed hands”. It even became the part of Sulla’s war loot and hence it was in Rome. The library in Alexandria also possessed a substantial part of Aristotle’s books. After the collapse of Greece, Aristotle’s writings were kept in Syria. In the 4th century in Mesopotamia and then Aristotle’s writings along with other Greek philosophers were read in Arabia. The expansion of his philosophy to the West was possible due to the expansion of the Mahomet’s followers to the Pyrenees Peninsula. Thanks to the Arab philosophers, Latin Europe became acquainted with Aristotle’s philosophical legacy. At the end of the 19th century Aristotle was the talk of the world of science due to the new archeological discoveries. Dry sands of the Egyptian desert preserved papyruses with the fragments of different ancient texts. And thus Aristotle’s “The Constitution of the Athenians” was discovered, the text whose title had been only known before this archeological find.
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    Gromadkarstwo – ruch religijno-społeczny w Prusach Wschodnich
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2017) Warda, Elwira
    In East Prussia, the revival movement (Erweckungsbewegung) was formed by the eighteenth-century pietist school of the University of Königsberg. The development of the pietist movement in Prussia was influenced by the Brethren’s Congregation from Herrnhut (the Unity of the Brethren) and so-called the Brethren from Salzburg. The movement of the Brethren from Salzburg gave a direct impetus to the creation of the movement called Gromadkarstwo. In the 19th century, this movement was formed as an opposition to the official Church, and its members also participated in their own congregations led by lay people. There were various reasons for the development of Gromadkarstwo. By the middle of the 19th century, Gromadkarstwo in East Prussia had been purely folk in character, and its members did not leave virtually any documents. Peasants became nomadic preachers, spreading the gospel from village to village. It was only after 1885 that the mass movement became organized and institutionalized. In the Lutheran Church in East Prussia, it survived until the Second World War.
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    Platon i Arystoteles – bibliofile
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2017) Warda, Elwira
    There is a wealth of information about the existence of libraries in antiquity. Historical sources indicate that already in the 6th century BC two Greek tyrants: Peisistratos of Athens and Polycrates of Samos had small collections. There had to be favourable conditions which allowed for establishing libraries. At the turn of the 4th century BC, sophists came to Athens and prepared citizens for public life. Then a new political structure was formed-democracy, which required education and knowledge from Athenians. There was the increased demand for such a model of education that would shape a human-citizen. At that time in Athens, numerous philosophical and rhetorical schools were founded. The creation of book collections was influenced by various factors. One of the book lovers was Plato, who founded his own school of philosophy, the Academy in Athens around 387 BC. We know that Plato collected and systematically enlarged his book collection, but it seems that his library was not too extensive. Aristotle of Stagira, the creator of the Athenian philosophical school, is considered to have been the first book collector. He held his collection in Lyceum, which was acquired by him around 335 BC.
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    Przemiany w systemie informacji
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2007) Warda, Elwira
    Die Sammlung riesiger Informationsbestände sowie die vehemente Entwicklung der Kommunikationsmittel sind charakteristische Erscheinungen für die Wende vom 20. zum 21. Jahrhundert. Hervorgehoben wird die Rolle der Information, welche nicht nur eine Ware ist, sondern eine Bedingung der kulturellen und sozialen Entwicklung. Im Zusammenhang mit der zivilisatorischen Entwicklung kam es zu beträchtlichen Veränderungen im weltweiten System des Informationsfl usses. Diese Veränderungen verliefen zwar nicht überall identisch, aber trotz der bestehenden Unterschiede kann festgestellt werden, dass es die Idee der Informationsgesellschaft ist, jedem Menschen an jedem Ort und zu jedem Zeitpunkt den Zugang zur Information zu gewährleisten. Ohne die Beteiligung der Bibliotheken wäre es nicht möglich, diese Idee zu verwirklichen. Die Bibliotheken nutzen die neuen Technologien und passen ihre Tätigkeit den sich verändernden Bedürfnissen der Benutzer an. ZU den wichtigsten Veränderungen in den letzten Jahren auf diesem Gebiet gehören Computerkataloge, Datenbanken, elektronische Publikationen und Zeitschriften, digitale und virtuelle Bibliotheken, Netzsysteme, Fernunterricht und andere.
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    Szkaplerz zakonny
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2016) Warda, Elwira
    Szkaplerz zakonny początkowo w regule benedyktyńskiej używany był jako fartuch chroniący habit podczas prac fizycznych. Wraz z powstaniem cystersów stał się integralną częścią ubioru zakonnego. Szkaplerz przyjęli m.in. benedyktyni, bonifratrzy, dominikanie, kameduli, kapucyni tercjarze, karmelici, kartuzi, mercedariusze, paulini, bracia pocieszyciele z Getsemani, sercanie biali, trynitarze, serwici oraz albertynki, augustianki, benedyktynki, bernardynki, brygidki, dominikanki, niektóre franciszkanki, kamedułki, kapucynki, karmelitanki bose, klaryski, loretanki, pasterki, pijarki, serafitki i sercanki. In the Benedictine rule, a monastic scapular was initially used as an apron protecting a habit during physical work. With the establishment of the Cistercians, it became an integral part of religious clothing. A scapular was adopted, among others, by the Benedictine monks and nuns, the Brothers Hospitallers of St John of God, the Dominican monks and nuns, the Camaldolese monks and nuns, the Capuchin Tertiaries, the Carmelite monks, the Carthusians, the Mercedarians, the Pauline Fathers, the Brothers Comforters of Gethsemane, the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, the Trinitarians, the Servite Order and the Albertine nuns, the Augustinian nuns, the Bernardine nuns, the Bridgettines, some Franciscan nuns, the Capuchin nuns, the Discalded Carmelite nuns, the Poor Clares, the Congregation of the Sisters of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Loreto, the Congregation of Sisters Shepherdesses of Divine Providence, The Piarist Sisters, the Congregation of the Nursing Sisters of Our Lady of Sorrows, the Congregation of the Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.